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- $Title{Anemia}
-
- A Medical Times Patient Education Chart
- (C) Romaine Pierson Publishers, Inc.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Anemia
-
- Common Signs and Symptoms of Anemia
-
- Feeling tired and "run-down" may be the only signs of anemia, although
- some people may become pale and short of breath. In more serious cases,
- anemia may also cause headaches, ringing of the ears, dizziness, drowsiness,
- and irritability.
-
- What Causes Anemia?
-
- Anemia is the shortage of red blood cells or of hemoglobin, the part of
- the blood that gives those cells their color and carries oxygen to other
- cells. There are three major causes:
- - Blood Does Not Form Properly. The most common reason for this and the
- most common cause of anemia is an insufficient amount of iron. Iron
- deficiency anemia could be caused by not eating enough iron-rich foods or by
- the body's failure to absorb and use iron correctly. Other diet-related
- causes of anemia include deficiencies in vitamins B12 and C. Other reasons
- the blood may not form properly are disorders of the bone marrow, where red
- blood cells are made, and of the kidneys, which produce the hormone that
- stimulates formation of red blood cells.
- - Blood Loss. A shortage of red blood cells can occur as a result of
- long-term, but steady (chronic) bleeding from ulcers or hemorrhoids, or from
- short-term, but heavy (acute) bleeding from serious injury.
- - Blood Cell Destruction. Certain conditions cause red blood cells to be
- destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The spleen normally disposes of
- worn-out blood cells, but when it is damaged and enlarged, it may remove these
- cells too soon. Disorders of the immune system, infections, and weakness of
- the cell's outer layer or membrane, can also cause premature blood cell
- destruction. Two inherited types of anemia give rise to abnormal hemoglobin
- and fragile red blood cells. Persons with Cooley's anemia, also known as
- thalassemia major, cannot manufacture enough hemoglobin, and the red blood
- cells are almost empty. The disease is most common among people of
- Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or Asian descent. In sickle cell anemia, the
- hemoglobin, once it releases its oxygen, tends to clump together and causes
- the red blood cells to take on a sickle or crescent shape. These cells can
- cause pain as they try to squeeze through small blood vessels. In the U.S.,
- sickle cell anemia occurs most commonly, but not exclusively, among blacks.
-
- Diagnosis and Treatment
-
- If anemia is suspected, your doctor will run one or more series of blood
- tests to measure the volume of red blood cells and hemoglobin and to check for
- changes specific for different types of anemia. Your doctor will also try to
- determine the source of possible internal bleeding or rule it out as a cause.
- Iron deficiency anemia can be cured by eating iron-rich foods, such as
- beef, liver, chicken, spinach, eggs, cheese, and milk. Iron supplements
- should only be taken under a doctor's guidance, since excess iron can harm
- the heart and liver. Deficiencies in vitamin B12 may be corrected by eating
- more meats, peas, and beans. Citrus fruits are especially high in vitamin C.
- Many of the foods that can correct dietary deficiencies are high in fat and
- cholesterol, so check with your doctor before altering your diet, and choose
- wisely.
- Both Cooley's anemia and sickle cell anemia are incurable, but treatable.
- Patients with Cooley's anemia receive regular blood transfusions and a drug to
- remove the excess iron that remains behind as the transfused cells are broken
- down over their natural lifespans. Treatment for sickle cell anemia primarily
- involves pain killers, with blood transfusions reserved for more serious
- cases. Younger children are likely to develop infections that could be
- life-threatening and so receive preventive doses of penicillin. Current
- research promises to find ways of treating the red blood cells directly.
-